企业理财莫入八大误区

March 19, 2007

水桦

  在激烈的市场竞争中,企业要正确认清和判断财务管理的处境,摒弃一些错误的认识,才能使管理取得较好的经济效益

误区一:资金越多越好

  资金是企业经营必不可少的原动力,是企业经营赖以依存的基础。资金的多少,决定了企业的规模经营程度。因此,不少企业把理财的重点放在筹资方面上,总以为只要有了资金,企业经营就会如鱼得水。但事实上,很多企业的资金并不缺乏,缺乏的是营运资金以及运用资金的能力。这必然导致优质资产少,劣质资产多,资产流动性差,变现能力不强。

误区二:筹资比用资更重要

  现实中,企业的财务经理总将“资金紧张”挂在嘴上,并常常为筹资疲于奔命,认为企业的理财目标就是筹资,只要筹到资金便是见到了效益。但任何筹资渠道来的钱都不是免费的“唐僧肉”,很可能是一块“烫手的山芋”,因为资金的提供者总要获得期望中的收益。

  企业没有好的投资项目,或投资收益远低于筹资成本时,还不如不筹资。“企业是在为银行打工”,这句话形象地反映了企业经营者的某种心态。例如某上市公司,发行股票筹集了4亿多元的资金,结果半年下来亏去50%。除了违规和欺诈的因素外,没有好的投资项目、不会用资也是造成亏损的重要因素。

误区三:发行股票是最好的筹资渠道

  近年来,我国有越来越多的企业走进了証券市场,在企业资金来源方面改变了以往主要依赖银行及其他金融机构贷款的状况。由于証券市场特有的直接融资功能,使一些企业片面地认为,发行股票是最好的筹资渠道,可以筹集永久性资本供企业长期使用,甚至把它看作是无代价的。所以,有更多的企业急于搭上这列车。

  但按照资本结构理论,一方面,企业的资本总额中同时有一定比例的权益性资本和债权性资本,才可能使企业加权平均的资本成本最低,从而形成最佳的资本结构;另一方面,任何资本来源都是有成本的,在一定程度上,权益性资本的成本甚至大于债权性资本的成本。

误区四:举债经营有利无弊

  举债经营具有财务杠桿作用,因此,许多企业虽然不刻意追求较高的资产负债率,但也对高负债率熟视无睹,似乎认为负债越多,财务的杠桿效应越大。事实上,举债的财务杠桿作用必须要在总资产报酬率大于债务成本率的前提条件下才能实现。

  目前,很多企业的总资产报酬率是远远低于债务利率的,也就是说,其通过举债获得的资金所创造的利润连债务成本也负担不了。杠桿作用还要求在权益性资本与债权性资本之间建立一个合理的比例关系,这不仅要考虑利率水平,而且要考虑权益性资本的期望报酬率,因此举债经营必须慎重。

误区五:资本扩张总是好事

  资本的本质属性是追求价值增值,规模经营是实现最大限度的价值增值的重要途径。基于此,很多企业把资本扩张放在其经营的首要地位,特别是一些新的公司或新上市公司,其扩张的渠道主要是通过收购、兼并或大比例送转股票。但企业扩张时,业绩增长应当与资本增长同步或者应当超过资本扩张的步伐。

  近年来,不少上市公司大比例送转股票后,每股收益所表现的业绩出现同比例但反方向的滑坡,从而使其股价由“贵族”沦落为“垃圾”。有些公司的净资产收益率甚至连续几年跌破配股的及格线,丧失了直接融资的资格,将自己逼到了绝境。这些企业破产倒闭不是因为经营管理不善,而是过度扩张。

  由此可见,资本扩张虽然是必要的,但重要的是要有限度,企业必须在业绩增长有保障的前提下,根据自身的情况决定扩张的步伐。

误区六:保有非现金实物资产比保有现金资产更有利

  企业在筹资后会根据经营的需要,把货币性的现金资产转化为物质性的资产,以保証其经营活动的正常进行。由于物质性资产具有高获利能力,故很多企业往往急于通过投资、购置设备把现金资产“消费”出去,以期望获得高额收益,忽视了流动性管理的需要。甚至有些企业不愿意制定最佳现金余额,无法满足其支付性、偿债性、预防性和投机性需求,从而导致支付危机,引发财务风险。在东南亚金融危机中,香港百富勤投资公司在一夜之间清盘的事实,就充分说明了缺乏现金资产所隐含风险的致命性。

误区七:股票股利比现金股利对企业更有利

  许多上市公司在向投资人分派股利时,总喜欢採用股票股利方式,一方面是基于股本扩张的要求,另一方面是为了节约现金流出。在分配时,相当多的公司选择股票股利而非现金股利,以求得较好的市场口碑,为“庄家”拉抬股价、操纵市场服务。

  有些公司连续多年股票股利分派都在30%以上。由于对每股收益的稀释作用,使公司的净资产收益率不断下降,股价下跌,影响了公司通过配股筹集新的资本。另一方面,投资人往往也因此没有获得实际现款的回报,失去对公司投资的信心。

误区八:亏在暗处比亏在明处好

  盈利是每一个企业经营者所追求的目标,但由于行业因素、宏观经济环境以及经营管理不善等原因,总有一些企业在某一经营期间发生亏损。

  综上所述,在激烈的市场竞争中,企业要正确认清和判断财务管理的处境,摒弃一些错误的认识,才能使管理取得较好的经济效益。

Most Entrepreneurs Start with Limited Funds, No Business Plan

August 30, 2006

A new survey shows three out of four businesses are funded from personal savings.


Small-business owners get their start with an average of just $10,000 in initial capital, according to the latest Wells Fargo/Gallup Small Business Index.

Close to three-quarter of businesses (73%) were primarily funded by the owner’s personal savings, while 37% were funded in part by loans and lines of credit.

"The survey results provide us with real insight into what it takes to start and run a small business, and what many small-business owners wish they had at the onset — more capital and more financial management education," Rebecca Macieira-Kaufmann, executive vice president and head of the Wells Fargo’s small-business unit, said in a statement.

While more than half of the approximately 600 business owners surveyed said it would have been easier to start their companies had more money been available, start-up financing was not the only challenge they identified.

Forty-nine percent of respondents said advice from other business owners also would have made their start-up days easier, while 39% said a better understanding of financial management would have helped.

Only 31% of small business owners surveyed started with business plan.

Three Out of Four Teens Want to Start a Business

August 29, 2006

A growing number of young adults say they favor entrepreneurship.
 
Confirming what parents everywhere probably already know, teenagers overwhelmingly prefer being their own boss, according to a new survey.
 
Of more than 1,400 teens surveyed across the nation earlier this year, nearly 71% said they would like to run a business someday, up from 64% in 2004, according to the fifth-annual Junior Achievement Worldwide ”Interprise” Poll on Entrepreneurship.
 
Some 32% said they want to start a business in professional services — the most popular industry — including law firms, insurance agencies, and accounting firms, the survey found.
 
Surprisingly, very few said the desire to own a business is driven by a lack of meaningful employment elsewhere. Instead, nearly half said they are motivated by having a great idea and wanting to “see it in action,” according to the survey.
 
Nearly 78% of teens with self-employed family members said they would like to start their own businesses, compared to 64% of those without entrepreneurial kin. More than 95% believe a college education would help, the survey showed.
 
By gender, male teens who responded to the survey were twice as likely as female teens to describe the business start-ups as “easy” or “very easy.”

Security vs. Freedom … It’s Your Choice

July 14, 2006

By Robert Kiyosaki

Most of us would like to believe we can have both security and freedom. But in Rich Dad® terms, these are two opposing values. My rich dad said, "Freedom and security are not the same ideals. In fact, in many ways, freedom and security are exact opposites. The people who have the most security are people in prison. Prisoners have the least freedom and the highest security. People in prison do not need to provide housing, food, recreation, health care, or education for themselves. They have a lot of security but at the price of their freedom."

One advantage of living in a free society is the freedom to make choices. There are two big choices according to my rich dad: the choice of freedom and the choice of security. Both choices have appeal, both have strengths and weaknesses, and both come with a price. If you choose freedom, the price is paid up front, at the beginning of your life. If you choose security, you pay a huge price in the form of excessive taxes and interest payments. Often the price is paid later in your life.

Look at the bankruptcy debacle of Enron, one of the world’s largest corporations. The price the loyal, hard-working, security-seeking employees paid is very high: they lost their jobs and their retirement plans. Unfortunately, many are paying this price at the end of their working years, just when their options diminish because of age or health.

Security vs. Freedom: It’s Your Choice

Today, many employees are learning their jobs are not secure and neither are their retirement plans. In the coming years, 75 million baby-boomers may discover that their stocks and mutual funds were not as secure as they thought, forcing them to retire to a lower standard of living that their parents enjoyed. With the prospects of downsizing looming over their heads, some have taken the initiative to start their own businesses. Should you be one of them?

My rich dad said, "Somewhere along the way, people become more desirous of security and have paid the price by selling their freedom. You may have noticed that schools today focus primarily on job security rather than financial freedom. The problem is most people do not know that the cost of that security is their freedom." He continued to say, "If you choose security, someone is always telling you what hours to work, how much you make, and even when you can eat your lunch. That is the price of security."

Freedom means having more choices, not security. You have a choice to be poor, middle class, or rich. If you choose to be rich, then you need to learn a whole new game. But it requires a different mindset and financial intelligence. You will be free to work or not to work. Your knowledge will bring you freedom from work because you will learn how to make your money work for you. The choice is yours.

Ranking on Ease of Doing Business

July 10, 2006

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